Wireless or Computer Networking

In the world of computers, networking is the practice of linking two or more computing devices together for the purpose of sharing data. Networks are built with a mix of computer hardware and computer software.

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IP Address

Definition: The IP address 192.168.0.1 is the default for certain home broadband routers, principally various D-Link and Netgear models. This address is set by the manufacturer at the factory, but you can change it at any time using the network router's administrative console.
192.168.0.1 is a private IPv4 network address. Home routers can use it to establish the [default gateway. On such routers, you can access its administrative console by pointing a Web browser to http://192.168.0.1.
Any brand of router, or any computer on a local network for that matter, can be set to use this address or a comparable private IPv4 address. As with any IP address, only one device on the network should use 192.168.0.1 to avoid address conflicts.

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Windows Version

* Microsoft Windows XP Professional
* Microsoft Windows XP Home Edition
* Microsoft Windows Server 2003 R2 Datacenter Edition (32-Bit x86)
* Microsoft Windows Server 2003 R2 Datacenter x64 Edition
* Microsoft Windows Server 2003 R2 Enterprise Edition (32-Bit x86)
* Microsoft Windows Server 2003 R2 Enterprise x64 Edition
* Microsoft Windows Server 2003 R2 Standard Edition (32-bit x86)
* Microsoft Windows Server 2003 R2 Standard x64 Edition
* Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Datacenter Edition (32-bit x86)
* Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Datacenter x64 Edition
* Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Enterprise x64 Edition
* Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Enterprise Edition (32-bit x86)
* Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Standard x64 Edition
* Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Standard Edition (32-bit x86)
* Windows Server 2008 Datacenter without Hyper-V
* Windows Server 2008 Enterprise without Hyper-V
* Windows Server 2008 for Itanium-Based Systems
* Windows Server 2008 R2 Datacenter
* Windows Server 2008 R2 Datacenter without Hyper-V
* Windows Server 2008 R2 Enterprise
* Windows Server 2008 R2 Enterprise without Hyper-V
* Windows Server 2008 R2 Standard
* Windows Server 2008 R2 Standard without Hyper-V
* Windows Server 2008 Service Pack 2
* Windows Server 2008 Standard without Hyper-V
* Windows Server 2008 Datacenter
* Windows Server 2008 Enterprise
* Windows Server 2008 Standard
* Windows Vista Enterprise 64-bit Edition
* Windows Vista Home Basic 64-bit Edition
* Windows Vista Home Premium 64-bit Edition
* Windows Vista Ultimate 64-bit Edition
* Windows Vista Business
* Windows Vista Enterprise
* Windows Vista Home Basic
* Windows Vista Starter
* Windows Vista Ultimate

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COMPUTER VIRUS

A computer virus is a computer program that can copy itself and infect a computer without permission or knowledge of the user. However, the term "virus" is commonly used, albeit erroneously, to refer to many different types of malware programs. The original virus may modify the copies, or the copies may modify themselves, as occurs in a metamorphic virus. A virus can only spread from one computer to another when its host is taken to the uninfected computer, for instance by a user sending it over a network or the Internet, or by carrying it on a removable medium such as a floppy disk, CD, or USB drive. Additionally, viruses can spread to other computers by infecting files on a network file system or a file system that is accessed by another computer. Viruses are sometimes confused with computer worms and Trojan horses. A worm can spread itself to other computers without needing to be transferred as part of a host, and a Trojan horse is a file that appears harmless until executed.

Most personal computers are now connected to the Internet and to local area networks, facilitating the spread of malicious code. Today's viruses may also take advantage of network services such as the World Wide Web, e-mail, and file sharing systems to spread, blurring the line between viruses and worms. Furthermore, some sources use an alternative terminology in which a virus is any form of self-replicating malware.

Some viruses are programmed to damage the computer by damaging programs, deleting files, or reformatting the hard disk. Others are not designed to do any damage, but simply replicate themselves and perhaps make their presence known by presenting text, video, or audio messages. Even these benign viruses can create problems for the computer user. They typically take up computer memory used by legitimate programs. As a result, they often cause erratic behavior and can result in system crashes. In addition, many viruses are bug-ridden, and these bugs may lead to system crashes and data loss.

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Video Card

Your video card performs the function of displaying the screen you see on the monitor. Inside the video card is a special kind of memory called video memory, where information is stored that represents what you see on the screen. If you look closely at the screen you can see that it is made up of many dots, or pixels. Each pixel's color and brightness is stored in the video memory. When the computer wants to display something, it calculates how it needs to change the color and brightness of the different pixels, and changes the values in the video memory. The video card then presents the new pixels to you on the monitor. In modern computers, this calculating job is shared between the processor and the video card itself. Having the video card do the calculation can often be much faster, because the video card is specialized to do these types of calculations. Also, while the video card is doing this work, the processor can go on to other things.

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Things To Check First

Although a list of things to check won’t catch every PC problem you encounter,

you’ll be surprised at how often the simple steps below can lead to

troubleshooting success. Whether you’re kicking off a troubleshooting session or

at your wits’ end after hours of fruitless research, here are some good tips to try.

• Is the PC’s power supply switch turned on? Some PCs have a power switch at

the back. Make sure it hasn’t been switched off.

• Are all cables connected? Loose connections regularly cause headaches. Remove

and reconnect each plug firmly, even if you’re sure it’s connected.

• Are all peripherals turned on? Make sure a powered-off print server isn’t preventing

your printer from working.

• Does the Device Manager display any problems? Check this tool for red Xs,

which indicate a malfunctioning or disabled device.

• Is there a new driver? Updated drivers often fix hardware problems. If you can’t find

new drivers (check the manufacturer’s Web site), try reinstalling your existing driver.

• Have you installed software updates? Software publishers sometimes release

patches via their Web sites. Also, check to see if your software recently installed

updates automatically. In rare cases, a software update may introduce problems.

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The Peripherals

Some other parts, not required, can also be connected to the computer to complement it. A peripheral is an object attached to the computer to help it perform some necessary assignments none of the other parts can handle. The most used peripherals are the printer, a digital camera, a scanner, a projector, an external drive (such as an external CD burner for an old computer), etc.

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Mouse

A mouse is an object that is meant to fit the proportions of a hand and is positioned on the table so the user can move it easily. Like the other parts, a mouse is connected to the computer, usually to the back, by a cable. Nowadays, it is not unusual to have a wireless mouse so that it doesn't need a cable.

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Keyboard

A computer keyboard is a wide object that is equipped with buttons on which there are letters and numbers:

To distinguish them from other objects, and to synchronize their names with other objects that use similar settings, such as the piano, the buttons on the keyboard are called keys. 

To provide a better management, the keys on a keyboard are divided in sections. This arrangement is by convention so the users would be familiar with them and be able to use any keyboard they come in contact with.

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Monitor

The monitor is the video display you will be looking at, most of the time, to evaluate your work, find out whether the assignments are being carried out satisfactorily. A monitor is largely controlled by some pieces of hardware inside of the computer. But the monitor itself is mainly used to display your work in a graphical setting you can easily interpret. To display what is going on with the computer, the monitor is connected to the computer using a cable. The connection is usually done from the back of both machines:

Monitors come in different sizes. The (most important) size of the monitor is measured diagonally on the screen and is given in inches:
Based on this, monitors range in sizes of 12", 14", 15", 17", 19", 21", 29", etc. Monitors are also characterized by the flatness of their screen. The flatter and the wider screens are usually the better. 

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